The remains of the capital city for this society are now known as Tiwanaku, one of the most significant archaeological sites in South America. The culture that evolved in the region became known as Yaya-Mama, or вЂњFather-Mother,вЂќ for the sculptures depicting dualistic Male-Female opposites.

The Inca referred to Lake Titicaca as their origin place. But one culture that developed on the southern end of Lake Titicaca in present-day western Bolivia near the border with Peru left behind ruins so monumental they continue to intrigue archaeologists and spark hypotheses of anachronistic, advanced technologies. WeвЂ™ve all heard of the mystical and wondrous ancient civilizations of Mesoamerica and South America: The Maya, Olmecs, Aztecs, and the Inca. Visit our website for a lot more information on this episode! For it is the folklore and spirituality of a culture that echoes through the ages, adding wonder about the mystery of Pumapunku.

Finally, we'll speculate on hypotheses and one aspect of the Tiwanaku enigma that is no less important than studying its stones вЂ“ the legends and the beliefs that sparked its creation. Chris Cogswell, Ph.D., of The Mad Scientist Podcast, about the theoretical possibilities of ancient formulations as it applies to material sciences and their implications. What craftsmanship skills and construction technology did they possess to erect structures that continue to baffle present-day archaeologists and engineers? Could an organic technique of creating geopolymers, or essentially a type of concrete, explain the precise geometric shapes attained? Or was it a combination with a lost art of stone softening and shaping to achieve such exact tolerances? Perhaps they were just some of the best stonemasons in the world, with modern-quality chisels, drills, saws, and generations of labor at their disposal? And how did they come by their craft, through observation of nature and technical evolution, or some otherworldly source? We'll ask our good friend, Chemical Engineer Dr. As in, why was it all built? Why did Tiwanaku society spend so much effort and resources on it, and what did it mean to them? We then transition to the 'How?' such a monumental architectural and cultural feat could be accomplished. In tonight's Part Two of our series, we continue with the 'Why?' of Tiwanaku and Pumapunku.

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